Suchergebnisse

The fall of the communism offered the opportunity for a substantial change in the fabric of the Romanian society and its components. However, the economic change could not happen overnight after many decades of a radical different modus operandi. The economic reorganization was a complex process that demanded a reasonable amount of time and expertise to carry out. In this process, the establishments of a legislative framework and institutions were quintessential in Romania as in any other ex-communist country. This article deals with a phase in this process: the establishment of "regii autonome" (autonomous economic entities) from 1990 and 1991 and the according legislative framework. The analysis based on 72 "regii autonome" brings information about the designation of these institutions in this economic restart soon after 1989, focusing on their characteristics like naming, object of activity, value of patrimony or structure.

This study follows the problem of training the workforce in communism and deals with the special situation of preparing artists through the State centralized educational system. All the measures implemented originate in the limits of a communist regime applied by the Romanian leaders also according to their own education and knowledge. Analyzing numerous transcripts of the political leaders'meetings we came to the conclusion that their basic knowledge about the arts, in general, was very limited and accordingly of the artistic higher education. We cannot even say that it was no one who could explain to them the special situation of this type of higher education. In fact, I have exemplified with some transcripts that its characteristics were thoroughly explained to them. Social engineering in communist Romania through higher education was done with limited achievements, especially in the artistic and similar type of higher education, situated so far from the focus of the communist idea of social and economic success.

The aim of my article is to anaylse the evolution of the chemistry higher education in Romania, particularly its institutions, specializations and statistics. After showing the importance of the chemistry in the communist regime (as science and industry), I follow the evolution of the structural changes that took place from 1948, the switch year towards a communist educational system. I presented the types of institutions to host the chemistry education (universities, polytechnics, pedagogical institutes, other educational institutions and industrial enterprises with dedicated role in the educational process). There were many structural changes in the chemistry field that cannot be separated to those affecting the higher educational system: the creation of pedagogical institutes, their integration in universities and polytechnics, the establishing of domains of specializations, the decrease of the number of students and the structural contraction. A particularity of chemistry was also highlighted: the great number of specializations and their close connection with many fields of activity. In the same way, some higher education centres had their own exclusive contribution to the training of this type of specialized workforce (as Iași for textile chemistry). The concern for creating a good link between education and the needs of the industry were proved with many examples. In order to check the structural evolution, archival documents, legislation and published works were heavily used, and they all point to a special role of the chemistry higher education in the general process of training specialized workforce.

Confronted with increasing economic problems, the political leaders of Romania placed one of their hopes in saving the general well-being of the society in developing the high-tech industries (electronics, computers, fine mechanics). Many measures were taken in this respect, establishing new enterprises, new forms of industrial organization and also the allocation of investments through economic plans. An important aspect to achieve was the formation of the specialised workforce, and in this regard, higher education was crucial. The focus was on specializations such as automation and computers, electronics and tellecomunications and fine mechanics. The problem with developing high-tech industries and the above mentioned higher education specializations was that this initiatives were taken in the 1980s, when the economical situation was worsening. This paradox resulted in a discrepancy between what it was wished for and what was really achieved.

In communist Romania, the economy was under a strong control of the Romanian Communist Party. Although the development of the industry was regarded as the main way to develop the economy, agriculture received also an important attention, with certain objectives to be fulfilled and with measures taken to assure their accomplishment. The control of agriculture was achieved through collectivization, and through a policy of investments, the agriculture attained a relative level of development. In all these problems, the training of specialized workers was really important and the agricultural higher education represented only one of the ways to train such workers, like engineers, teachers and other agricultural specialists. As presented in this article, it seems that finding the right way to organize the agricultural higher education was not an easy task. Many specializations of higher education were spread in different institutions, from agronomical institutions to polytechnics, and their many changes and transfers, and also the decisions taken from both political and educational reasons, highly sustain this assertion

After 1948 the Romanian higher education entered a period of important developments, controlled by the communist regime, which meant thathigher educationinstitutions autonomy was severely obstructed, while politicalpurges affected the teaching staff and students alike. Nevertheless, new types of higher education were introduced and new institutions of higher education and specializations were established. The number of students and graduates increased accordingly. Also, after 1975, the number of foreign students in Romanian higher education registered a significant increase mainly in medicine and pharmacy. More than half of foreign students attracted by the Romanian higher education were studying medicine and pharmacy. Many interesting aspects of this situation are presented in this article: reasons for this attraction, statistics of total number of students, number of freshmen, number of graduates and the contribution of each institution of medicine and pharmacy higher education in attracting the foreign students.

Abstract:
Although communist regimes gave priority to technical higher education, artistic higher education also received a small, but constant share of the allocated study places and resources. This study outlines both the general features of this field, and its statistical evolution. After 1948, artistic higher education (music, fine and decorative arts, film, theatre and television) went through many changes in order to adapt to communist requirements. This paper presents some of the most important changes, what caused them, as well as their consequences. The statistical reconstruction of artistic higher education mainly focuses on the last 30 years of communism, on full-time studies and on four important indicators: total number of students, freshmen, graduates and total number of teaching staff.